Evolution of Indian trade patterns and interaction with settlers Europeans looked for raw materials. Beaver pelts. Knives for fur. Indians used to trade with each other. Whites brought guns and alcohol.

Effects of Spanish exploration and conquest in the Southwest missionaries. Tried to convert them started killing natives. Eventually many Spanish married Indians.

“Right of conquest” (“Living Beside Each Other,” p.70) claiming vast territories in the name of a monarch. We sought it’s ours

Arguments for and against Indian Removal (including Jackson & Frelinghuysen) Jackson wanted to civilize them and save them form being mistreated by moving them away because if they don’t move bad things will happen to them. Frelinghuysen said they were here before we were here so it’s their land. They were here thousands of years before we were it’s absurd to move them from their own land and we cannot destroy their culture by moving them away.

Indian Removal Act 1830 passed by Congress force tribes to move West of the Mississippi River. Many went to Oklahoma trail of tears of the Cherokees, thousands died, many treaty modifications, US promised the new treaties they could keep their new lands forever

Louisiana Purchase 1803 US purchased from France Louisiana purchase

Lewis and Clark 1804 Thomas Jefferson sent them West after Louisiana purchase they wanted to go there first before Europe he and or Britain to claimant for US

Treaties dealing with expansion of U.S. borders (Know what areas were added and when)1818 Spanish get Texas we get Florida, two years later try to take Texas Mexico,

Gadsden Purchase US pays Mexico 10 million for New Mexico and Arizona land needed for southern railroad

Manifest Destiny white settlers are destined to expand to the West

President Andrew Jackson didn’t like Native American rights , wanted them west of Missippi ,refused honor federal treaties 1830 Indian removal act passed by Congress he tricked them into signing things he made it seem like there was tribal consent.

What happened in Texas? (Who did it belong to? How did it come to be part of U.S.?)

Who was president at the time of the Mexican American War?

What were the causes of the war?

What were the results of the war? (Texas and Mexican-American War see “The West” note sheet and PPT online)

Estimated historical population of buffalo in North America 50 millioin

Reasons why the buffalo were hunted almost to extinction sport,hides sent to europe , destroyed crops and railways, to force natives off the plains it into reservations

Homestead Act, qualifications, effects on Native Americans, effects on the land 160 acres including freemen or former slaves, and women. White population increased to quickly pushed Indians West

Reasons why settlers moved west (push and pull factors, govt. incentives) gold rush in California, artist painted Western scenes that started a land rush, the soil was rich and fertile, the Homestead act in 1862 for $10 you could buy hundred and 60 acres, women could own land

Inventions that fostered/facilitated westward expansion plow, reaper, Barb wire. John Deere plow, Cyrus McCormick’s reaper to cut and harvests grain, he trained people to show farmers had he used them, installment buying paint a little bit at a time was invented, he would repair them if they broke

Gold Rush (“The West” note sheet)

General Allotment Act / “Dawes Act” 160 acres to each family, 80 acres to a single person over 18, orphans under 18, 40 acres to each single person under 18. The goals were to break up tribes as a social unit, encourage individuals to own a farm, reduce the cost to govern over Indians, get Indian land away from them and give it to white settlers, make a profit by opening the remainder of the land

 

Five Civilized Tribes and different ways “outsiders” tried to get onto Tribal Roles Curtis act abolished tribal government and made them take allotments, non-Indians got on the tribal roles so they could receive federal allotment, they said they had Indian descendents, a married and Indian they were adopted by the tribe, some Indians had slaves and now there’s slaves could be tribe members, houses of slaves and white people claim to be Indians.

Amount of land (in acres) controlled by Native Americans in

1500? 3 billion acres

1887? 150 million acres

1934? 48 million acres mostly desert

Allotment in the Oklahoma Territory, process by which settlers received former reservation lands

Date at which all Native Americans were allowed to become citizens, other ways they gained citizenship 1924 Indians born in America are American citizens when they got land and the Dawes act they became citizens once they pay taxes, Indian citizenship act 1924

According to recent estimates, what was the North American native population before 1492? 90-112 million

In 1900?

According to the most recent census (including people who consider themselves all or part Native American)? 1.7% 1%indian .7%part indian

Assimilation and boarding schools children taken away girls washed, ironed cooking taught how to be a middle-class housewife given to white couples called the outing system. Boys did some industrial training farming gardening horses cattle. Assimilation didn’t work because when they moved back to the reservation they could not use the skills.

Contrast Jefferson’s policies toward the Indians vs. Jackson's. What accounts for this shift? Jefferson wanted to give Indians choice wanted them to assimilate or move beyond Mississippi, Jackson said Indians were hostile and in fear your he wanted to give them no choice and move them forcibly pass Mississippi River

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 1831 Supreme Court case Cherokee nation against Georgia the Cherokee tribe won the right to be a sovereign nation.

Worcester vs. Georgia Supreme Court case tribal sovereignty means that Indian nations had to be treated like individual countries and they were not subject to state law

Trail of Tears Cherokee traveled 800 mile trip 25% died name given to the forced relocation of Native American nations from southeastern parts of the United States following the Indian Removal Act of 1830

Sand Creek Massacre (“Indian Problem” PPT, section on Indian Wars) 700 US militia killed peaceful Cheyenne village 65-160 people killed two thirds were women and children

Battle at Little Big Horn “Custer’s Last Stand”. The battle took place between the U.S. Cavalry And Crazy Horse minors when in to the Black Hills of South Dakota and wanted to Native Americans out they were hunting legally. The Indians really didn’t win because the Black Hills were cut out of the reservation and they lost millions of acres of land to white settlers

Battle (“Massacre”) at Wounded Knee Sioux Indians the guns are taken away and then they were all murdered hundreds died they try to take a gun away from a deaf man he didn’t want to give it

John Collier and Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 reversed the Dawes act, Indian ink troll of their own policies still receive federal money but they can use it how they want

“Cultural Relativism” looking at other people’s cultures as equal to or better than yours idea that individuals own their culture

Termination Policy ending federal tribal relationships to terminate tribal treaty rights and assimilate Indians Congress called for a repeal of the IRA and ended tribal governments and US wanted assimilation again

Know the last 5 Eras of Federal Indian Policy, beginning in 1850s (see link in notes)

removal era 1825 to 1850 government relocated almost all the tribes who lived East of the Mississippi were moved to Indian territory.

Reservation era 1850 to 1887 discovery of gold in California massive migration of whites to California government separate Indians from whites made treaties 300 reservations established

allotment and assimilation era 1887 to 1934 1887 general allotment act, tribal lands no longer communal American government wanted them to be farmers like Europeans, loss of two thirds of tribal land, what was left over was nearly worthless

Indian reorganization era 1934 1940s 1928 government figured out assimilation was a failure Indian reorganization act called IRA it reversed allotment imposed American government and judicial system on tribes

termination era 1940s to 1961 Congress called to repeal IRA and get rid of tribal governments the US wanted assimilation again federal benefits lost two 209 tribes they lost ownership of millions of acres of land Bureau of Indian affairs wanted to relocate reservation Indians to big cities so the federal government would end responsibility for them

Native Americans today 1.7 are sent of Americans Indian, 1% Indian, .7 Indian and other, one third live in Arizona California Oklahoma, 330 reservations, majority do not live on reservations, 550 tribes president Johnson’s great Society plan president Nixon and self-determination plan both made Indian self-determination tribes still get money from the federal government but the tribe says where the money is spent

Unemployment rate on reservations

Percent of U.S. land that is reserved