Where did immigrants settle?
70% of Immigrants arrived through New York the “Golden Door”, and settled in cities. Chinese usually settled along the west coast, near San Fran around the time of the gold rush.

Why did immigrants leave their home countries?
Wanted to make a living and purchase land, escape poverty, war, and religious persecution. 1/3 returned home.

How did immigrants get to America, what was their experience when did they arrive?
Most traveled on crowded, disgusting ships from their home countries. Some were hired as laborers and got free passage. Once they arrived, they usually got paid far less then they should have been, and had to deal with bad working conditions.

Who came from what countries and when? 1790s? 1840s–1880s? 1880s–1900s?
-1790s: Britain, Ireland, Africa
-18402–1880 Germans, French, Belgians
-1880–1900 Italians, Slavs, Jews

“Old Immigrants” vs. “New Immigrants”
-“Old immigrants” were settlers between 1840–1880 — Nothern Europeans and Chinese.
-“New immigrants” were the people moving after 1880 — Southern/eastern Europe.

What type of work did immigrants do?
Chinese: house servants, many owned laundromats. Other types of careers for immigrants: mining, railroad, factory, agriculture.

Nativism — What is it, who supported it and why?
During the 1830s. Nativists were people who had settled before whatever immigrants were coming in at the time. They were usually Protestant, and didn’t like the new Catholics coming from Italy and other countries.

What were ghettos?
Certain ethnic groups living together, like slums.

What were the tenements?
Apartment buildings with large numbers of families living there. Cram as many people as possible.

What are the largest ancestries in America today?
German, Irish, African, and English

Which counties do most immigrants to the US come from today?
Mexico, China, India, and Philippines

What was the Know-Nothing/American Party?
A political movement by the nativist American political faction of the 1850s

Naturalization Act of 1790 (2 points)
-Any free white person who has “good moral character” who has lived in the US for two years is a citizen.
-If you are born outside the country and your parents are American citizens, you are automatically a citizen.

14th Amendment (2 pts)
-All people born pr naturalized are US citizens
-Equal protection under the law

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 (3 pts)
-1st time federal gov. limits immigration based on country.
-Chinese could not immigrant to US
-If your already in country you can never become a citizen.

Emergency Quota Act 1921 (2 pts)
-3% of the 1910 census creates the national quotas.
-Doesn’t apply to professionals of skilled workers.

Immigration Act 1924 (4 pts)
-Revised 1921 act to 2% of the 1890 census.
-Ban Asian immigration
-No limits for Latin American nations
-150,000 per year was all that was allowed.

1943 Chinese Exclusion Act repealed (2 pts)
-Ban ends, If living in the US they can become citizens

Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1952 (1 pt)
-Easy to deport a suspected communist

Social Darwinism
triumph of the individual, competition.

Term: Cartels
Informal arrangements between similar companies to decrease competition.

trust
Board of trustees would run many companies in the same industry (monopoly).

holding company
A company that owns investments in other companies, and gains money from its stock in those companies.

Uneven wealth Mark Twain gilded age good

Social Darwinism, meritocracy, “captains of industry”, social benefactors are wealthy.

Why is the gilded bad?
concentration of wealth, political corruption, harsh conditions, “captains of industry” are stifling competition.

Highest foreign born population?
In 1910 the highest was 14 % of citizens were foreign born.
Today: approximately 11%

robber barons
Negative name for “captains of industry”, such as Rockefeller: rich people who ran big businesses that allowed child labor.

What is horizontal and vertical integration?
When a company buys similar companies that’s known as horizontal integration. But when a company buys a variety of steps, such as the agriculture to the factory to the trains that transport those goods, is considered vertical integration.

Who was the richest American EVER?
Rockefeller

Who was Thomas Nast?
“Father of the American cartoon”. He worked at Harper’s weekly Magazine and was the creator of most political cartoons. A leading Muckraker.

Who was John Rockefeller?
Owner of Standard Oil. He controlled 90% of US oil, and used horizontal integration.

Who was Andrew Carnegie?
Owner of Carnegie steel company which soon became United Steel Company. He controlled 25% of steel production.

What were the first largest corporations?
Railroads because they had schedules, integration, large bureaucracies, and middle managers.

What were working conditions like for women?
Most worked in textile industries, or continued with domestic service. in time they began to work in slaughterhouses, where they were mistreated by fellow employees.

what ages did children work?
10% of girls between 10–15 and 20% of all boys worked in factories. 60% worked in agriculture.

 

Who was Horatio Alger?
famous writer who always wrote “rags to riches” novels.

What was work usually like for men?
Tasks usually required little skill, and were very repetitive following a strict schedule.

What was the problems with working in large factories?
Workers stayed most of the day, usually the places were dirty and full of diseases. There were seldom fire escapes or other protections. In more dangerous conditions people died frequently.

What is welfare capitalism?
Providing employees with benefits so they do not form a union

What was the AFL?
“American Federation of Labor” which represented crafted and skilled workers. eventually combined with CIO

What was scientific management?
Also known as “Taylorsism”, meaning that workers needed to be less independent by using more unskilled workers, each doing a single task.

What was the Gospel of Wealth?
Andrew Carnegie wrote the Gospel of Wealth novel to basically say that with power comes responsibility. And that millionaires had worked their way up to suscess.

What was the problems with having monopolies?
monopolies were blamed for creating high prices and creating an unstable economy. 1% of families controlled 88% of assets.

Who were the Nights of Labor?
With the people who “Toiled” and excluded bankers, lawyers, liquor dealers, and gamblers.

What was collective bargaining?
direst negotiation between employees and unions to determine conditions of employment.

Scab
The “strike breakers”. People who would come in and accept the job that people were on strike against.

What was the Wagner Act?
Gave unions the right to collectively bargain.

What were the factors that lead to rapid industrialization?
Technology: Communications and transportation.

What was the difference in Union membership over time?
.5 million to about 5 million people. There was a peak number in 1950 of about 1/3rd of all workers belonging to unions. Most were in private unions. Today there’s about 1/8th, and the majority is in public unions.

What’s the difference between a public and private union?
Public Union employees are paid by state taxes, like teachers and firefighters. While Private unions are paid for by the group.

Who were the Industrial Workers of the World?
“one big union” wanted to organize the working class of all nations.

What was the Congress of Industrial Organization?
A piece of AFL that worked with only skilled workers. it reunited with AFL 20 years later.

Describe the Great Railroad strike of 1877

It was the first large national strike responding to a 10% wage cut. Over 100 people were killed.

Describe the Hay market square strike of 1886
It was an AFL strike wanting an 8 hour work day. A bomb was thrown killing 4 cops, and leaving 67 more injured. The Anarchist speakers were sentenced to death.

Describe the homestead strike of 1892
Happened at Carnegie’s plant near Pittsburgh. The Pinkerton Detective Agency was called to protect scabs. The protesters lit the river on fire, and used guns and dynamite to protect and fight. The Governor eventually called in the national guard. 3 guards and 10 strikers were killed.

Describe the Pullman strike of 1894
Near Chicago, at the Pullman Palace Car co. They referred to the workers as “children”. The wages were cut 25%, and the rent of the company town was not reduced.

Describe the Flint sit-down strike of 1937
Began when two brothers were fired because the company had plans to move jobs to another country. Workers were frustrated with long hours and low pay, and had the support of the local community. But the striking workers were easily replaced.

What was the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938?
There became a federal minimum wage of 25 cents. You would get paid for overtime “Time and a half”. It prohibited oppressive child labor.

Term: progressivism
The outlook, social progress. Meant so many different things it eventually meant nothing at all because of diversity and assumptions.

When was the peak of progressivism?
between 1900–1920. Muckrakers peak was in early 1900's and the pro movement was during the 1910–20 years.

What do all progressives believe?
Government should be more accountable to citizens, government should curb power and influence of wealthy interests, government should be given expanded powers to improve lives of citizens, government should be more efficient and less corrupt

Social Justice

Equality of opportunity

Political Machines
“boss rule” “Boodlers”
The problems: Child labor, ghettos, prostitution, family disorganization, waste of natural resources, subjunction of women, and oppression of blacks.

Who were muckrakers?
Journalists, who liked to show social and economical and political injustices

What was the settlement movement?
The idea what the environment shapes the individual. Crowded immigrants were stressed so Jane Addams created “Hull House” to give the place a better atmosphere.

Who was Jane Addams?
She was the an educated woman who noticed the the poverty in Europe was similar to the poverty in the US. She created Hull House as a place of community where children could play and people could get help, and learn.

What commons jobs did women (even educated women) usually do?
Most became maids, teachers, nurses, librarians, or any other “Feminine” jobs.

Describe women suffrage
Women deserved the right to vote. in 1910 Washington state extended suffrage so women could vote. National Womens Party was created by Alice Paul.

What was the 19th amendment?
Gave women the right to vote in 1920

Describe the Battle for National Reform?
The 17th amendment in 912 was ratified. this ended the system of state legislature to elect US senate.

Term: initiative
When the public wants to vote on a new idea never voted on before.

Term: referendum
When the public wants to re vote on something.

What was the 1963 Equal pay Act?
Women and men must be paid the same.

Who were the United Farm Workers?
An organization of the poorest workers. Used non violent methods to get peoples attention.

Describe the Air traffic Controllers Strike of 1981
PATCO wanted better conditions, pay, and a 32 hour week. The strike was dangerous for the nations safety, and would fire 11,000 workers who did not return in 48 hours.

What was the Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”?
Targeted the railroads.
But he helped create four different acts:
-Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
-Hepburn Railroad Regulation Act1906
-Pure Food and Drug Act
-Meat inspection Act