Poem: the Macon telegraph September 1916 every Negro over 21 left to Cleveland to Pittsburgh to Chicago to Indianapolis

Selma Alabama 1916 the first black people left in the middle of World War I because the North had a labor shortage

earliest reference February 5, 1916 Chicago defender newspaper railroad in Pennsylvania using black labor as early as 1915 several hundred black families left Selma Alabama February 1916 because “treatment doesn’t warrant staying”

the South was left on its own after the civil war the North West and the former slaves were treated poorly

Gen. Howell Cobb Georgia planter they just want to be free they don’t want to work for a white man they'd rather work on a patch of ground on their own to get away from the control of white man

blacks know better off after the Civil War

sharecropping was slavery’s replacement kept all the blocks in that and down to a plantation that they worked on

the only thing that changed for blacks after the Civil War the federal government took over the South during the period known as reconstruction

during the reconstruction. In the South newly freed slaves were able to vote Mary go to school or go to black colleges set up in the North, open businesses, run for political office all under the protection of the northern military troops

former slaves became doctors lawyers undertakers insurance agents

mid-1870s the North left the South and that’s when hostility started

a cast system formed where former slaves throughout the bottom

US Supreme Court case Homer Plessy a black man wanted to ride on a first-class railroad train but he wasn’t allowed June 7, 1894 the case went to court in 1896 Plessy versus Ferguson and the court sided with the South said “equal but separate”would be the law

Plessy versus Ferguson or decisions of equal but separate lasted 60 years from 1896

the South didn’t follow the 14th amendment of 1868 of due process and equal protection to anyone born in the United States

the South didn’t follow the 15th amendment of 1880 which guaranteed all men the right to vote

James K Vardaman white supremacy candidate 1903 Mississippi governor’s race saw no reason for blacks to go to school because it'll spoil a good field hand and make an insolent cook he won the Governors office and then became a US Sen.

 

white newspapers talked about black violence

the worst was black men indiscretions towards white women it guaranteed a lynching

newspapers talked about upcoming lynchings black men and women tortured with thousands of people watching for fun

15,000 men women and children gather to watch 18-year-old Jesse Washington burned alive in Waco Texas May 1916

someone was hanged or burned alive every four days from 1889 to 1929

a book called the clansmen 1905 novel basis for the 1915 movie birth of a nation was a bestseller inspired the Ku Klux Klan they thought they were protecting southern tradition

Frederick Douglass was old and dying January 1894 a year before his death immediate future looks dark and troubled

the South started Jim Crow laws

Jim Crow 1830s after comments Dartmouth Rice a New York born white actor sang a song about the Jim Crow it was a minstrel show where white man wears black makeup and pretends to be handicapped slave

Jim Crow started to be used for black people and things related to black people

Jim Crow laws 1841 applied to the laws to segregate them the first laws passed in Massachusetts

first Jim Crow law Massachusetts designing railcar set apart for black passengers

Florida Mississippi Texas first Jim Crow law right after lost the Civil War

Florida Mississippi in 1865

Texas Jim Crow laws 1866

Northerners who took over the South during the reconstruction took away all the Jim Crow laws

the federal Civil Rights Act of 1875 outlawed segregation

the Northerners left the South by the late 1870s and the South brought back the laws

streetcars in the 1880s separate seating by race 1891

by 1905 every southern state from Florida to Texas outlawed blacks from sitting next to whites on transportation

1909 curfew required blacks to be off the streets by 10 PM in Mobile Alabama

1915 blacks and whites could use the same water bucket for classes or work in the same room or even go up and down the stairwell

every day more laws came up complete separation

there was the leader of the revolution to leave the South people just silently left there is no organization

the best-known leader at the start was Booker T. Washington and he was against leaving the South is strongly discouraged it

Frederick Douglass was against leaving the South to because it was a surrender

the blacks just quietly left and moved away

50 years after the Civil War things were worse for black people then great after the end of the Civil War

78 years after Abraham Lincoln signed Emancipation Proclamation they still had to step off the sidewalk when white people came by

when Greyhound buses needed to build to complete terminals the cost was twice as much that they still paid it down south

Ida Mae, George, Pershing with the three people the story talked about

Jim Crow laws didn’t stop until federal legislation the Civil Rights Act of 1964

civil rights act of 1964 ended Jim Crow it wouldn’t fully take effect until the 1970s

Ida Mae Brandon Gladney left first in the 1930s

George Swanson Starling in the 1940s

Robert Joseph Pershing Foster in the 1950s

millions of blacks left